U.S. President Joe Biden departs after speaking at the COP27 U.N. Climate Summit, Friday, 11 November 2022, at Sharm el-Sheikh, Egypt. Photo: Alex Brandon / AP Photo
U.S. President Joe Biden departs after speaking at the COP27 U.N. Climate Summit, Friday, 11 November 2022, at Sharm el-Sheikh, Egypt. Photo: Alex Brandon / AP Photo

By Camilla Hodgson
20 November 2022

Sharm el-Sheikh, Egypt (Financial Times) – Choking back his emotions, Tuvalu finance minister Seve Paeniu held up a photo of five youth delegates from his country and expressed his “deep regret and disappointment” that COP27 had been a “missed opportunity”.

More than 80 countries had supported a proposal to phase down the use of fossil fuels at the UN climate summit in Egypt, he said.

Ultimately, the agreement by almost 200 nations reached after all-night discussions did not go further than the weakened Glasgow COP26 pledge to phase down polluting coal power and phase out inefficient fossil fuel subsidies.

Several of the frustrated and exhausted negotiators from western nations blamed the oil- and gas-producing countries led by Saudi Arabia, emboldened by the global energy crisis.

The UN Executive Secretary of Framework Convention on Climate Change Simon Stiell speaks at the closing plenary of the COP27 U.N. Climate Summit on 20 November 2022. Photo: Mohamed Abd El Ghany / Reuters
The UN Executive Secretary of Framework Convention on Climate Change Simon Stiell speaks at the closing plenary of the COP27 U.N. Climate Summit on 20 November 2022. Photo: Mohamed Abd El Ghany / Reuters

Many of the world’s biggest fossil fuel producers succeeded in staving off the demands for bolder action on climate change as the summit in Sharm el-Sheikh drew to a close on Sunday, in spite of a dramatic threat of an EU walkout the day before.

While the final agreement included a historic commitment for a new fund to help pay for climate-related damage suffered by especially vulnerable countries, a broad range of nations deplored the lack of progress during the two-week summit on how to cut greenhouse gas emissions faster.

“The world will not thank us when they hear only excuses tomorrow,” said the EU’s green chief Frans Timmermans. “This is the make or break decade but what we have in front of us is not enough of a step forward.”

20 November 2022: At COP 27, countries came together to take action towards achieving the world’s collective climate goals as agreed under the Paris Agreement and the Convention. Building on the outcomes and momentum of COP 26 in Glasgow last year, nations were expected to demonstrate at COP 27 that they are in a new era of implementation by turning their commitments under The Paris Agreement into action. The conference took place from 6-18 November 2022 in Sharm el-Sheikh, Egypt. Heads of State and Government attended the Sharm el-Sheikh Climate Implementation Summit on 7 and 8 November 2022. A high-level segment primarily attended by Ministers took place from 15-18 November 2022. Video: UN Climate Change

Saudi Arabia had been “playing hardest” in its resistance to faster progress in cutting emissions, said one person involved in the eleventh hour discussions. China also held back progress but was less vocal than the Arab League countries in the negotiations, those familiar with the talks said.

Emotions were on display and resentments obvious during the last 24 hours of the summit.

Glasgow COP26 president Alok Sharma marched furiously away from a negotiating room late on Saturday evening, after a failed attempt by a wide coalition of countries including the UK to link global warming targets to the agreement for a loss and damage fund. […]

Nakeeyat Sam Dramani, a young poet from Ghana, holds a placard that reads, “Payment Overdue” after giving a speech about global warming during the COP27 U.N. Climate Summit. Photo: Sedat Suna / EPA
Nakeeyat Sam Dramani, a young poet from Ghana, holds a placard that reads, “Payment Overdue” after giving a speech about global warming during the COP27 U.N. Climate Summit. Photo: Sedat Suna / EPA

By Saturday morning, the EU threatened to walk away. The bloc cited fears about weakening plans to cut emissions fast enough to meet the 2015 Paris Agreement to keep global warming well below 2C from pre-industrial times, and ideally 1.5C. Temperatures have already risen at least 1.1C.

As the early hours of Sunday approached, the Arab group of nations and Russia resisted wording that emphasised the need for renewable power.

Saudi Arabia pushed for the UN agreement to allow for carbon capture and storage technology, which would limit emissions and enable continued oil and gas production.

Pushing in the other direction, a growing number of countries, including the US and Australia, said they would support a commitment to phase down all fossil fuels.

What emerged early on Sunday morning was an uneasy compromise, with no mention of phasing out fossil fuels. [more]

COP27 ends in tears and frustration: ‘The world will not thank us’


People sleep on couches at 2:26 am in Sharm el-Sheikh, Egypt at the COP27 U.N. Climate Summit on 19 November 2022, while waiting for the cover decision text and plenary. Photo: Simon Lewis / Twitter
People sleep on couches at 2:26 am in Sharm el-Sheikh, Egypt at the COP27 U.N. Climate Summit on 19 November 2022, while waiting for the cover decision text and plenary. Photo: Simon Lewis / Twitter

Group of members ‘deeply disappointed’ and call for ‘urgent escalation’

20 November 2022 (The Guardian) – It is 8am in Sharm El-sheikh and the closing plenary is still going, with final statements being made by parties and observers.

Some of the elation at COP27’s historic deal on loss and damage is giving way to the realisation the conference didn’t deliver on the fundamental challenge of agreeing more rapid cuts to greenhouse gas emissions.

Australian climate negotiator, Sally Box, has just made a statement on behalf of members of the Umbrella group – a negotiating bloc that includes Australia, Canada, Japan, Iceland, Israel, New Zealand, Norway, the UK, and the United States.

The loss and damage deal was historic, she said, but “We must go further in light of the stark findings of the latest science including by recognising that global emissions must peak by 2025 to keep 1.5C alive.”

In a speech to the plenary, she asked all countries to come up with an “urgent escalation of our efforts”: “Parties, we must turn resolve into action. We are deeply disappointed that some parties have sought to restrain the ambition of this work [climate mitigation] work program. We cannot decide to do less.”

Group of members ‘deeply disappointed’ and call for ‘urgent escalation’


A climate activist dressed as a polar bear participates in a protest outside the COP27 U.N. Climate Summit at Sharm el-Sheikh, Egypt. Photo: Ahmad Gharabli / AFP / Getty Images
A climate activist dressed as a polar bear participates in a protest outside the COP27 U.N. Climate Summit at Sharm el-Sheikh, Egypt. Photo: Ahmad Gharabli / AFP / Getty Images

‘We can do the impossible’: how key players reacted to end of COP27 climate summit

20 November 2022 (The Guardian) – World leaders, diplomats, activists and experts have been reacting to the end of the COP27 climate conference, which produced a groundbreaking agreement on climate finance for poorer countries but failed to make significant progress on many other matters. Here are some of the reactions from major players.

Indian climate activist Disha Ravi holds a placard as she takes part in the “Fridays for Future” strike during the COP27 climate summit, in Sharm el-Sheikh, Egypt, 11 November 2022. Photo: Emilie Madi / REUTERS
Indian climate activist Disha Ravi holds a placard as she takes part in the “Fridays for Future” strike during the COP27 climate summit, in Sharm el-Sheikh, Egypt, 11 November 2022. Photo: Emilie Madi / REUTERS

Laurence Tubiana, one of the architects of the landmark Paris agreement

“This COP caused deep frustrations, but it wasn’t for nothing. It achieved a significant breakthrough for the most vulnerable countries. The loss and damage fund, a dream at COP26 last year, is on track to start running in 2023. There is a lot of work still to be done on the detail, but the principle is in place and that is a significant mindset shift as we deal with a world in which climate impacts cause profound loss.

“The influence of the fossil fuel industry was found across the board. This COP has weakened requirements around countries making new and more ambitious commitments. The text makes no mention of phasing out fossil fuels and scant reference to science and the 1.5C target. The Egyptian presidency has produced a text that clearly protects oil and gas petrostates and the fossil fuel industries. This trend cannot continue in the United Arab Emirates next year.

“Elsewhere in Sharm el-Sheikh, it was a silent and fearful COP for many activists. The legacy of those fighting for civic space and human rights will endure.”

A woman writes on a placard as international climate activists prepare for the “Fridays for Future” strike during the COP27 climate summit, in Sharm el-Sheikh, Egypt, 11 November 2022. Photo: Emilie Madi / REUTERS
A woman writes on a placard as international climate activists prepare for the “Fridays for Future” strike during the COP27 climate summit, in Sharm el-Sheikh, Egypt, 11 November 2022. Photo: Emilie Madi / REUTERS

Mary Robinson, chair of The Elders group of statespeople

“In a year of multiple crises and climate shocks, the historic outcome on loss and damage at COP27 shows international cooperation is possible, even in these testing times. Equally, the renewed commitment on the 1.5C global warming limit was a source of relief.

“However, none of this changes the fact that the world remains on the brink of climate catastrophe. Progress made on mitigation since COP26 in Glasgow has been too slow. Climate action at COP27 shows we are on the cusp of a clean energy world, but only if G20 leaders live up to their responsibilities, keep their word and strengthen their will. The onus is on them. All climate commitments must be transformed into real-world action, including the rapid phase-out of fossil fuels, a much faster transition towards green energy, and tangible plans for delivering both adaptation and loss and damage finance.

“We avoided backsliding and made progress in Sharm el-Sheikh. Now leaders must stop sidestepping and fulfil their promises to safeguard a livable future.”

A woman poses in front of the congress centre staging COP27 at the end of the first week of the COP27 U.N. Climate Summit in Sharm el-Sheikh. Photo: Sedat Suna / EPA
A woman poses in front of the congress centre staging COP27 at the end of the first week of the COP27 U.N. Climate Summit in Sharm el-Sheikh. Photo: Sedat Suna / EPA

John Kerry, Joe Biden’s climate envoy

Kerry said the US was “pleased” to support the new fund, after the Americans gained assurances that there would be no legal liability for climate damages suffered by other countries.

“The fund, which will be one among many available avenues for voluntary funding, should be designed to be effective and to attract an expanded donor base,” he said in his closing statement, a nod to other countries the US expects to step up and perhaps a tacit acknowledgment that America has failed to meet previous promises to itself deliver climate finance.

Despite the lack of more ambitious language to cut emissions in the COP27 text, Kerry was upbeat, saying that “make no mistake: we have kept the hope of 1.5 alive”.

Climate activists protest against big polluters at the Sharm El-Sheikh International Convention Centre, during the COP27 climate summit, in Sharm el-Sheikh, Egypt, 10 November 2022. Photo: Emilie Madi / REUTERS
Climate activists protest against big polluters at the Sharm El-Sheikh International Convention Centre, during the COP27 climate summit, in Sharm el-Sheikh, Egypt, 10 November 2022. Photo: Emilie Madi / REUTERS

Ursula von der Leyen, head of the EU executive

Von der Leyen described the COP27 deal as “a small step towards climate justice” but said much more was needed for the planet.

“We have treated some of the symptoms but not cured the patient from its fever,” she said in a statement. “I am pleased that COP27 has opened a new chapter on financing loss and damage and laid the foundations for a new method for solidarity between those in need and those in a position to help. We are rebuilding trust.

“COP27 has kept alive the goal of 1.5C. Unfortunately, however, it has not delivered on a commitment by the world’s major emitters to phase down fossil fuels, nor new commitments on climate mitigation.”

Climate activists protest climate justice and human rights at the Sharm El-Sheikh International Convention Centre, during the COP27 climate summit, in Sharm el-Sheikh, Egypt, 10 November 2022. Photo: Mohamed Abd El Ghany / REUTERS
Climate activists protest climate justice and human rights at the Sharm El-Sheikh International Convention Centre, during the COP27 climate summit, in Sharm el-Sheikh, Egypt, 10 November 2022. Photo: Mohamed Abd El Ghany / REUTERS

Vanessa Nakate, climate justice activist from Uganda

“COP27 was meant to be the ‘African COP’ but the needs of African people have been obstructed throughout. Loss and damage in vulnerable countries is now unignoreable, but some developed countries here in Egypt have decided to ignore our suffering. Young people were not able to have their voice heard at COP27 because of restrictions on protest, but our movement is growing and ordinary citizens in every country are starting to hold their governments accountable on the climate crisis at home.”

The finance minister from Tuvalu in the South Pacific, Seve Paeniu, holds up an image of his grandchildren during the closing plenary session of the COP27 U.N. Climate Summit on 20 November 2022. Photo: Jane Barlow / PA
The finance minister from Tuvalu in the South Pacific, Seve Paeniu, holds up an image of his grandchildren during the closing plenary session of the COP27 U.N. Climate Summit on 20 November 2022. Photo: Jane Barlow / PA

Kathy Jetnil-Kijiner, climate envoy from the Marshall Islands

“I’m proud I got to be here to witness this happen and contribute in a small way. Worn out but so worth it to protect already disappearing islets, shorelines and culture. So many people all this week told us we wouldn’t get it. So glad they were wrong.

“I wish we got fossil fuel phase-out. The current text is not enough. But we’ve shown with the loss and damage fund that we can do the impossible. So we know we can come back next year and get rid of fossil fuels once and for all.”

A visitor looks at the “Zero Point” series of collage portraits by Turkish artist Deniz Sagdic, each of which is made from a particular kind of upcycled waste material, including fabric, zippers, electronics parts, pharmaceuticals, leather, cardboard and plastic cards, at the Turkish pavilion at the UNFCCC COP27 climate conference on 9 November 2022 in Sharm El Sheikh, Egypt. The conference brought together political leaders and representatives from 190 countries to discuss climate-related topics including climate change adaptation, climate finance, decarbonisation, agriculture, and biodiversity. The conference ran from November 6-20. Photo: Sean Gallup / Getty Images
A visitor looks at the “Zero Point” series of collage portraits by Turkish artist Deniz Sagdic, each of which is made from a particular kind of upcycled waste material, including fabric, zippers, electronics parts, pharmaceuticals, leather, cardboard and plastic cards, at the Turkish pavilion at the UNFCCC COP27 climate conference on 9 November 2022 in Sharm El Sheikh, Egypt. The conference brought together political leaders and representatives from 190 countries to discuss climate-related topics including climate change adaptation, climate finance, decarbonisation, agriculture, and biodiversity. The conference ran from 6-20 November 2022. Photo: Sean Gallup / Getty Images

Ani Dasgupta, president of the World Resources Institute

“In a historic breakthrough, wealthy nations have finally agreed to create a fund to aid vulnerable countries that are reeling from devastating climate damages. This loss and damage fund will be a lifeline for poor families whose houses are destroyed, farmers whose fields are ruined, and islanders forced from their ancestral homes. This positive outcome from COP27 is an important step toward rebuilding trust with vulnerable countries.”

Youth climate activists at the UNFCCC COP27 climate conference in Sharm el-Sheikh, Egypt. Pictured, from the left, Eric Njuguna of Kenya, Nicole Becker of Argentina, Vanessa Nakate of Uganda, Sophia Kianni from Iran, and Mitzi Jonelle Tan of the Philippines. Photo: AP
Youth climate activists at the UNFCCC COP27 climate conference in Sharm el-Sheikh, Egypt. Pictured, from the left, Eric Njuguna of Kenya, Nicole Becker of Argentina, Vanessa Nakate of Uganda, Sophia Kianni from Iran, and Mitzi Jonelle Tan of the Philippines. Photo: AP

Mohamed Adow, director of the Power Shift Africa thinktank

“To quote the Three Lions England football song, after 30 years of hurt, climate action is finally coming home on African soil here in Egypt.

“At the beginning of these talks, loss and damage was not even on the agenda, and now we are making history. It just shows that this UN process can achieve results, and that the world can recognise the plight of the vulnerable must not be treated as a political football. It’s worth noting that we have the fund but we need money to make it worthwhile. What we have is an empty bucket. Now we need to fill it so that support can flow to the most impacted people who are suffering right now at the hands of the climate crisis.

“However, on a global fossil fuel phase-down, it’s sad to see countries just copying and pasting the outcome from last year’s COP26 in Glasgow. The science is clear, the impacts are getting worse, and we know that renewables are the future. Polluting countries need to leave coal, oil, and gas in the ground if we’re going to keep global heating from running out of control.”

Climate activists of the BTS ARMY protest against climate change at the Sharm El-Sheikh International Convention Centre, during the COP27 climate summit, in Sharm el-Sheikh, Egypt, 10 November 2022. Photo: Mohamed Abd El Ghany / REUTERS
Climate activists of the BTS ARMY protest against climate change at the Sharm El-Sheikh International Convention Centre, during the COP27 climate summit, in Sharm el-Sheikh, Egypt, 10 November 2022. Photo: Mohamed Abd El Ghany / REUTERS

Meena Raman, director of Third World Network and adviser to developing countries at COP27

“Since the EU and Alok Sharma are disappointed that fossil fuel phase-out is not in the text, we would like them to take leadership and revise their NDCs [nationally determined contributions] and put into plans their fossil fuel phase-out urgently and stop expansion of fossil fuels including oil and gas. [It’s] not enough to play to the gallery but act if they really want to save the planet and not hide behind 2050 net zero targets, which will bust the remaining carbon budget for 1.5C. They have the historical responsibility to get to real zero and in fact negative emissions and not net zero by 2050.”

‘We can do the impossible’: how key players reacted to end of Cop27 climate summit


Four American climate activists raise a banner that reads, “People vs. Fossil Fuels” during U.S. President Joe Biden’s speech at the COP27 U.N. climate talks in Sharm el-Sheikh, Egypt on Friday, 11 November 2022. Photo: Sean Gallup / Getty Images
Four American climate activists raise a banner that reads, “People vs. Fossil Fuels” during U.S. President Joe Biden’s speech at the COP27 U.N. climate talks in Sharm el-Sheikh, Egypt on Friday, 11 November 2022. Photo: Sean Gallup / Getty Images

EU president says COP27 deal is ‘small step towards climate justice’ but warns much more to be done – as it happened

The youth delegate from Norway has some strong words:

“I am disappointed, sad and angry. Where is the urgency? Where is the crisis management?

“This is not about politics, this is about humanity. These times require us to put our values and morals in the driver’s seat. We need you to be brave, to do absolutely everything in your power. If you don’t act now, it might be too late for us to right your wrongs when we inherit your seats.

“The alternative to radically upscaling ambition now will create a world none of us want to live in. Now is the time to decide if you want to be tomorrow’s villains or heroes.”

Four American climate activists were kicked out of the COP27 UN climate talks in Egypt after raise a banner that reads, “People vs. Fossil Fuels” during U.S. President Joe Biden’s speech on Friday, 11 November 2022, in Sharm el-Sheikh, Egypt. “The security said that we put people’s lives at risk because we stood up abruptly in the room with the President of the United States,” Jamie Wefald, one of the protesters, told CNN on Monday, 14 November 2022. The short protest was mostly silent and did not involve the four activists moving away from their seats. Photo: Sean Gallup / Getty Images
Four American climate activists were kicked out of the COP27 UN climate talks in Egypt after raise a banner that reads, “People vs. Fossil Fuels” during U.S. President Joe Biden’s speech on Friday, 11 November 2022, in Sharm el-Sheikh, Egypt. “The security said that we put people’s lives at risk because we stood up abruptly in the room with the President of the United States,” Jamie Wefald, one of the protesters, told CNN on Monday, 14 November 2022. The short protest was mostly silent and did not involve the four activists moving away from their seats. Photo: Sean Gallup / Getty Images

Alok Sharma: Peaking of greenhouse gas emission in 2025 “not in this text”

The UK’s lead climate negotiator, the minister Alok Sharma, has just delivered a telling speech at COP27 revealing what some countries had tried to push through to an agreement.

Sharma was the president of the Glasgow COP in 2021, and he was clearly frustrated with the events of the last two weeks in Egypt.

He punctuated his speech with his hand thudding in to his speech notes.

“We joined with many parties to propose a number of measures that would have contributed to [raising ambition].

“Emissions peaking before 2025 as the science tells us is necessary. Not in this text.

“Clear follow through on the phase down of coal. Not in this text.

“Clear commitments to phase put all fossil fuels. Not in this text.

“And the energy text weakened in the final minutes.

“Friends, I said in Glasgow that the pulse of 1.5 degrees was weak. Unfortunately, it remains on life support.

“All of us need to look ourselves in the mirror and consider if we have fully risen to the challenge.”

Sharma said he would not be in the UK’s chair position at next year’s COP meeting, but added:

“I promise you if we do not step up soon and rise above the minute to midnight battles to hold the line we will all be found wanting.

“Each of us will have to explain that to our citizens to the world’s most vulnerable countries and communities and ultimately to the children and grandchildren to whom many of us now go home.”

African activists demand compensation payments from countries that have been the greatest contributors to the climate crisis to countries that are disproportionately suffering from it, at the COP27 climate conference in Sharm El Sheikh, Egypt. Photo: Sean Gallup / Getty Images
African activists demand compensation payments from countries that have been the greatest contributors to the climate crisis to countries that are disproportionately suffering from it, at the COP27 climate conference in Sharm El Sheikh, Egypt. Photo: Sean Gallup / Getty Images

EU climate policy chief: ‘We have all fallen short’

The European Union’s climate policy chief Frans Timmermans has just delivered an impassioned plea to the floor of the closing plenary at Cop27 in Egypt.

Timmermans said sacrifices had been made in order to get the agreement for loss and damage over the line, but he left the room in no doubt of his disappointment.

“Friends are not friends if they only tell you what you want to hear. Last night our talks have stalled. There were too many attempts to roll back even on what we agreed in Glasgow.”

Timmermans asked all countries to do more.

“The fight for ambition for a better future is not yet over. In fact, it’s only just begun. We know the cost of inaction is so much higher than the cost of action. We should have done much more. We have all fallen short in actions to avoid loss and damage. Our citizens expect us to lead. That means far more rapidly reduced emissions.”

People pass in front of a wall lit with the sign of COP27 as the COP27 climate summit takes place, at the Green Zone in Sharm el-Sheikh, Egypt, 10 November 2022. Photo: REUTERS
People pass in front of a wall lit with the sign of COP27 as the COP27 climate summit takes place, at the Green Zone in Sharm el-Sheikh, Egypt, 10 November 2022. Photo: REUTERS

The UN Secretary-General António Guterres has released a full statement on the outcomes of COP27.

He’s already described the creation of a loss and damage fund for developing countries as an important step for climate justice.

He said financial institutions and multinational banks needed to “accept more risk and systematically leverage private finance for developing countries at reasonable costs.”

“But let’s be clear. Our planet is still in the emergency room. We need to drastically reduce emissions now – and this is an issue this COP did not address.

“A fund for loss and damage is essential – but it’s not an answer if the climate crisis washes a small island state off the map – or turns an entire African country to desert.

“The world still needs a giant leap on climate ambition. The red line we must not cross is the line that takes our planet over the 1.5-degree temperature limit.”

An Indigenous woman speaks during a demonstration calling attention to stolen land at the COP27 U.N. Climate Summit in Sharm el-Sheikh, Egypt. Photo: Christophe Gateau / Picture Alliance / Getty Images
An Indigenous woman speaks during a demonstration calling attention to stolen land at the COP27 U.N. Climate Summit in Sharm el-Sheikh, Egypt. Photo: Christophe Gateau / Picture Alliance / Getty Images

Espen Barth Eide, Norway’s environment minister, said

“We were suggesting we should have a phaseout of unabated fossil fuels, of course this is not in, I would prefer it to be in.

“It’s not as strong as we’d like it to be, but it doesn’t raise ambition further and that’s something we have to work on further at COP28.”

Even worse to some was the inclusion in the agreement text of “low-emission” as well as renewable energy, a wording that could be interpreted as an endorsement of gas, which is seen as a cleaner fossil fuel than coal and yet still comes with substantial planet-heating emissions.

Members of Extinction Rebellion stage a protest at the Glencairn tidal pool outside Cape Town, South Africa to mark the COP27 “Water Day” on 5 November 2022. Photo: AP
Members of Extinction Rebellion stage a protest at the Glencairn tidal pool outside Cape Town, South Africa to mark the COP27 “Water Day” on 5 November 2022. Photo: AP

Collin Rees, campaign manager at Oil Change International, said:

“COP27’s key steps toward a loss and damage fund are deeply marred by the lack of progress on fossil fuels.

“Despite unprecedented discussion of equitably phasing out oil, gas, and coal, the end result was yet another Cop without formal recognition that Big Oil is driving the climate crisis and harming communities.”

Climate scientists have warned that there currently is no credible path to staying below 1.5C given countries’ insufficient emissions reduction targets, with 2022 on track to set a new record for global greenhouse gas emissions.

Frankie the dinosaur visits the COP27 climate summit in the Red Sea resort of Sharm el-Sheikh, Egypt, 10 November 2022. Photo: Mohammed Salem / REUTERS
Frankie the dinosaur visits the COP27 climate summit in the Red Sea resort of Sharm el-Sheikh, Egypt, 10 November 2022. Photo: Mohammed Salem / REUTERS

Rachel Cleetus, policy director at the Union of Concerned Scientists, said the emissions trajectory is “dangerously off course” and the agreement does little to alter this.

“Though it makes some important advances, the final COP27 decision falls well short of what the science shows is needed.”

EU president says Cop27 deal is ‘small step towards climate justice’ but warns much more to be done – as it happened