Men search for gold at an illegal gold mine in the Amazon jungle in the Itaituba area of Para state, Brazil, 21 August 2020. Much like brown and black tributaries that feed the Amazon River, gold illegally mined in the rainforest mixes into the supply chain and melds with clean gold to become almost indistinguishable. Photo: Lucas Dumphreys / AP Photo
Men search for gold at an illegal gold mine in the Amazon jungle in the Itaituba area of Para state, Brazil, 21 August 2020. Much like brown and black tributaries that feed the Amazon River, gold illegally mined in the rainforest mixes into the supply chain and melds with clean gold to become almost indistinguishable. Photo: Lucas Dumphreys / AP Photo

By Joshua Goodman and David Biller
5 October 2022

MIAMI (AP) – One of Brazil’s biggest gold refiners, which processes gold suspected of being mined illegally in the Amazon rainforest, has been stripped of an important industry seal of approval that global manufacturers from Apple to Tesla rely on to root out abuses in their supply chains.

An investigation by The Associated Press in January revealed how São Paulo-based Marsam shared ownership links and processes gold on behalf of an intermediary accused by Brazilian prosecutors of buying tarnished gold from Indigenous territories and other protected areas.

A former partner at Marsam, Dirceu Frederico Sobrinho, has been at the center of recent gold rush in the Amazon, purchasing through a separate company he controls more than 2 billion reais ($388 million) worth of gold last year from wildcat miners at 252 sites. Last year, federal prosecutors filed a civil suit against the company, F.D’Gold, and two other companies that purchase gold, seeking 10 billion reais in social and environmental damages.

With that lawsuit still going on, Marsam this month was quietly removed by the Responsible Minerals Initiative from a public list of smelters and refiners deemed to follow best sourcing practices. The assessment program run by a Virginia-based coalition of manufacturers emerged with the passage a decade ago of legislation in the U.S. requiring companies to disclose their use of conflict minerals fueling civil war in the Democratic Republic of Congo.

Dredging barges operated by miners illegally mining gold converge on the Madeira River, a tributary of the Amazon River in Autazes, Amazonas state, Brazil, 25 November 2021. One of Brazil’s biggest gold refiners, which has been accused of processing gold mined illegally deep in the Amazon rainforest, has been stripped of an important industry certification that global manufacturers from Apple to Tesla rely on to root out abuses in their supply chains. Photo: Edmar Barros / AP Photo
Dredging barges operated by miners illegally mining gold converge on the Madeira River, a tributary of the Amazon River in Autazes, Amazonas state, Brazil, 25 November 2021. One of Brazil’s biggest gold refiners, which has been accused of processing gold mined illegally deep in the Amazon rainforest, has been stripped of an important industry certification that global manufacturers from Apple to Tesla rely on to root out abuses in their supply chains. Photo: Edmar Barros / AP Photo

André Nunes, an external consultant for Marsam, said it would appeal the initiative’s decision. He said Marsam conducted its own evaluation of F.D’Gold and found nothing amiss.

He also cautioned that the accusations of illegal mining against Marsam’s client have yet to be proven, citing a procedural decision last month by a judge who blasted prosecutors for not providing sufficient evidence to back their request that company’s activities be suspended pending the outcome of the investigation.

“In Marsam’s understanding, we were diligent and did what was within our reach,” Nunes said. “We didn’t see a reason to end our relationship with F.D’Gold and the judiciary corroborated that decision.”

The Responsible Minerals Initiative wouldn’t disclose its findings, citing confidentiality agreements to encourage companies to participate in its evaluation process. But according to its standards, refiners can be removed from its “conformant” list for a variety of reasons, ranging from not performing enhanced due diligence when red flags are raised — something Marsam’s internal policies also require — to overlooking evidence that actors in its supply chain falsified mandatory declaration of origin forms, a rampant problem in the Amazon’s prospecting frontier.

Indigenous territories targeted by gold prospectors in the Brazilian Amazon rainforest. Illegal gold mining operations have been set up in Yanomami, Munduruku, and Kayapo territories. Graphic: AP
Indigenous territories targeted by gold prospectors in the Brazilian Amazon rainforest. Illegal gold mining operations have been set up in Yanomami, Munduruku, and Kayapo territories. Graphic: AP

More than 300 publicly traded companies list Marsam as a supplier in responsible mining disclosures that they are required to file with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. Such sourcing decisions are guided by independent auditors who evaluate refiners to make sure they aren’t contributing to illegal armed groups, human rights violations and financial wrongdoing. Currently, 98 refiners are considered to be aligned with the initiative’s standards — the same status Marsam enjoyed from 2017 until its recent delisting.

Additionally, Marsam provided the gold that was used to make the medals hanging on the necks of athletes in the 2016 Olympic Games in Rio de Janeiro — medals touted as a victory for the environment because they were partly made from recycled materials and free of mercury.

But critics said much of Marsam’s bona fides were undeserved. They accuse the company of “greenwashing” — promoting itself as more sustainable than it really is — by not delving deep into the origin of the ore it processes on behalf of F.D’Gold. Marsam is now co-run by the daughter of Dirceu, as he is widely known in Brazil.

“In Brazil, as in so many gold-producing countries, illegality enters into the supply chain very early on, so it’s essential to get better visibility on what happens upstream,” said David Soud, head of research at I.R. Consilium, who has researched illegal gold flows in South America. “Refiners are often culpable for failures in due diligence and need to be held to strict standards so that questionably sourced gold doesn’t get laundered into the legitimate supply chain.”

Illegal airstrips, toxic mercury ponds and forest-wrecking heavy machinery have proliferated throughout the Amazon as prospecting for gold on Indigenous lands and other protected areas has exploded in recent years. Weak government oversight enabled by President Jair Bolsonaro, the proud son of a prospector whose administration has facilitated mining in the Amazon, has exacerbated the frenzy.

But critics said companies in the U.S. and Europe bear part of the responsibility for the devastation. So do guidelines set by the Paris-based Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development that are used by the Responsible Minerals Initiative and other groups to evaluate companies’ compliance, the critics said.

An Indigenous woman wears a protective face mask as a precaution against COVID-19 during a protest against Brazilian President Jair Bolsonaro's proposals to allow mining on Indigenous lands, at the Esplanade of Ministries in Brasilia, Brazil, 20 April 2021. Bolsonaro’s administration introduced legislation that would open up Indigenous territories to mining — something federal prosecutors have called unconstitutional, and activists warn would wreak vast social and environmental damages. Photo: Eraldo Peres / AP Photo
An Indigenous woman wears a protective face mask as a precaution against COVID-19 during a protest against Brazilian President Jair Bolsonaro’s proposals to allow mining on Indigenous lands, at the Esplanade of Ministries in Brasilia, Brazil, 20 April 2021. Bolsonaro’s administration introduced legislation that would open up Indigenous territories to mining — something federal prosecutors have called unconstitutional, and activists warn would wreak vast social and environmental damages. Photo: Eraldo Peres / AP Photo

Such standards pay scant attention to environmental crimes or the rights of Indigenous communities. Instead, they are geared toward risks stemming from civil wars and criminal networks. In Latin America, only Mexico, Colombia, and Venezuela — where drug cartels or guerrilla insurgencies are active — are classified as conflict or high-risk areas deserving greater scrutiny for sourcing practices.

A recent study by Kumi, a London-based consulting firm that advises the OECD, found that only 7% of 284 end-user companies registered with the Responsible Minerals Initiative had policies on sourcing conflict materials that were in line with OECD guidelines. Most of them are U.S. based. The number was basically unchanged from a previous assessment by Kumi in 2017.

AP asked Amazon, Apple, Microsoft, and Tesla if they intended to stop sourcing from Marsam in light of the company’s delisting. Of the four, Apple said Marsam is no longer part of its supply chain.

“Our responsible sourcing standards are the strongest in the industry and strictly prohibit the use of illegally mined minerals,” Apple said in a statement. “If a smelter or refiner is unable or unwilling to meet our strict standards, we remove them from our supply chain, and since 2009, we have directed the removal of over 150 smelters and refiners.”

Microsoft, after publication of this article, said it was working to remove the company as well. Amazon declined to comment, while Tesla did not respond to AP’s inquiry. [more]

Big Brazilian gold refiner delisted amid Amazon mining probe

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Joshua Goodman on Twitter: @APJoshGoodman

David Biller on Twitter: @DLBiller

Big Brazilian gold refiner delisted amid Amazon mining probe