Global-warming data not enough to predict animal extinction

By Sandra Leander
5 September 2016 (ASU) – Current models used to predict the survival of species in a warming world might be off target, according to new research that enlisted the help of dozens of spiny lizards in the New Mexico desert. Nearly 40 percent of the world’s populations of lizards are expected to become extinct by 2080, because the Earth is warming faster than these populations can adapt. But a new study, published today in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, shows that to make accurate predictions, study models must include much more data about how shade is distributed throughout an animal’s habitat. “The real fear is that previous research has underestimated the risk of extinction,” said Mike Angilletta, a professor at Arizona State University’s School of Life Sciences and co-author of the study. “Most models assume that an animal can be anywhere in its environment at any time, which doesn’t account for how much energy an animal spends to regulate its temperature. Animals have to move and search for shade, which makes cooling down more difficult when patches of shade are far apart,” Angilletta said. “This is a breakthrough paper,” according to Raymond Huey, a professor emeritus of biology at the University of Washington. “Scientists studying climate warming will now be forced to evaluate the spatial distribution of sunny-shady patches, and not just compute the fraction of an area that is sunny or shady. Frankly, that makes our research lives much harder, but also much more interesting.” Even a small change in body temperature can dramatically affect an organism’s well-being, like when a person’s temperature rises 1 or 2 degrees. Reptiles, including lizards, regulate their body temperatures by moving between warm and cool areas within their home ranges. It isn’t just the relative proportion of warm and cool areas that affects how well a lizard can regulate its temperatures, Huey said, but also how they are distributed in space. The spiny lizards in the study regulated their temperatures much more efficiently when they had many small patches of shade, which they could easily reach to cool off, instead one large clump of shade in a wide-open space. “Depending on the complexity of the environment, previous estimates of extinction may be too high or they might not be high enough,” said Mike Sears, an associate professor of biology at Clemson University and lead author of the study. Sears has spent 20 years studying lizards. He says the reptiles are especially suited for climate-change studies because “they’re like little thermostats running around.” What makes this study remarkable, Huey said, is that it tackles three issues at once. “It develops original and highly sophisticated computer simulations of animal movement patterns in complex thermal environments,” Huey said. “It adds large-scale experiments of real animal movement patterns in the field. Finally, it shows that climate warming, in realistic thermal landscapes, may have more serious effects than predicted so far.” When Sears first questioned the current models, he built a computer simulation to test their assumptions. Digital lizards followed algorithms that regulated body temperatures most efficiently. In the virtual environment, Sears’ digital lizards told him how much energy they spent on regulating their body temperatures when shade was either clumped together or spaced apart. When shade was dispersed throughout a simulated environment, the digital lizards were able to regulate their temperatures more efficiently: They required less energy to move from patch to patch. When shade was isolated to one location, the lizards had to move farther away to hunt for food, which required more energy. Angilletta, Sears and colleagues from two other universities tested their computer model with real lizards near the University of New Mexico’s Sevilleta Field Station. The researchers fenced in nine arenas, each 20 by 20 meters square. To mimic the shade of the simulations, they stretched equal areas of shade cloth over each arena, but arranged the cloth differently—one big clump of shade, four medium-sized patches of shade or 16 small patches. Each group of lizards spent two days in each environment, and their body temperatures were monitored through tiny, surgically implanted sensors. When the lizards were in the arena with one large clump of shade, their temperatures varied 12 percent more than when they were in the arena with four patches of shade, and 10 percent more than when they were in the arena with 16 patches of shade. Thus, more patches mean more careful thermoregulation. The results corresponded to Sears’ computer model. In the simulations, digital lizards experienced 9 percent more variation in body temperature when shade was provided in one clump compared with either four patches or 16 patches. Huey likened the lizards’ behavior to running across a hot, sandy beach in bare feet to get from a parked car to the cool sands by the ocean. “As a young lad, I leaned that spatial distribution of thermal resources mattered,” Huey said. “But Sears and colleagues take this theme to a general and sophisticated new level, and show how the distribution of shade patches affects the ability of lizards to use behavior to regulate their body temperatures, and also why an understanding of that distribution will be critical to predicting biological responses to climate warming.” The research confirmed Sears’ hunch, that global temperatures aren’t sufficient for predicting how well species survive. “If we really want to understand how populations of organisms will respond to climate change, we can’t use a simple, back-of-the-envelope method,” Sears said. “We need to think on a finer scale than we have been.”

ABSTRACT: Although most organisms thermoregulate behaviorally, biologists still cannot easily predict whether mobile animals will thermoregulate in natural environments. Current models fail because they ignore how the spatial distribution of thermal resources constrains thermoregulatory performance over space and time. To overcome this limitation, we modeled the spatially explicit movements of animals constrained by access to thermal resources. Our models predict that ectotherms thermoregulate more accurately when thermal resources are dispersed throughout space than when these resources are clumped. This prediction was supported by thermoregulatory behaviors of lizards in outdoor arenas with known distributions of environmental temperatures. Further, simulations showed how the spatial structure of the landscape qualitatively affects responses of animals to climate. Biologists will need spatially explicit models to predict impacts of climate change on local scales.

Configuration of the thermal landscape determines thermoregulatory performance of ectotherms