By Sarah McQuate
4 February 2019

(UW News) – Arctic permafrost is thawing as the Earth warms due to climate change. In some cases, scientists predict that this thawing soil will release increasing amounts of methane, a potent greenhouse gas, that is known to trap more heat in our planet’s atmosphere.

Now a University of Washington-led team has found a new reason behind increased methane emissions from a thawing permafrost bog in Alaska: Early spring rainfall warms up the bog and promotes the growth of plants and methane-producing microbes. The team showed that early precipitation in 2016 warmed the bog about three weeks earlier than usual, and increased the bog’s methane emissions by 30 percent compared to previous years. These results were recently published in Geophysical Research Letters.

“In general, the chance of generating methane goes up with increased rainfall because soils get waterlogged. But what we see here is different,” said corresponding author Rebecca Neumann, an associate professor in the UW Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering. “Early rainfall sent a slog of warm water moving into our bog. We believe microbes in the bog got excited because they were warmed up, so they released nutrients from the soil that allowed more plant growth. Methane production and emission are tightly linked with soil temperature and plant growth.

“Our results emphasize that these permafrost regions are sensitive to the thermal effects of rain, and because we’re anticipating that these environments are going to get wetter in the future, we could be seeing increases in methane emissions that we weren’t expecting.”

In northern latitudes, bogs form when ice-rich permafrost thaws. The thawed area sinks relative to the surrounding landscape as the ice melts, and soil becomes waterlogged, creating a wetland with grassy plants called sedges growing across the surface.

Neumann and her team studied a thawing permafrost bog located about 20 miles from Fairbanks, Alaska, from 2014 through 2016. Over the years, the researchers tracked methane emissions in and around the bog, sedge plant growth and soil temperature at 16 different depths.

In 2016 the team saw temperatures at the edge of the bog increase 20 days earlier, and cumulative methane emissions across the bog increase by 30 percent as compared to the previous years.

“We saw the plants going crazy and methane emissions going bonkers,” Neumann said. “2016 had above average rainfall, but so did 2014. So what was different about this year?”

The key turned out to be the timing of the precipitation: The spring rainfall started earlier in 2016 compared to 2014. In the spring the ground is colder than the air. So the rain, which is the same temperature as the air, warms up the ground as it enters the soil. The earlier the spring rains come, the sooner the soil in the surrounding forest gets saturated. Any surplus rain then flows down into the bog, rapidly warming the bog soils.

The warm soil aids microbes living in the bog and speeds up their metabolisms. Normally microbes use oxygen to break down organic matter, and they release carbon dioxide into the air. But in waterlogged soils, like a bog created by permafrost thaw, there’s no oxygen around. So the microbes have to use whatever is available, and they end up converting organic matter into methane.

“It’s the bottom of the barrel in terms of energy production for them,” Neumann said. “The microbes in this bog on some level are like ‘Oh man, we’re stuck making methane because that’s all this bog is allowing us to do.’”

Conceptual overview of rainwater melting permafrost. (a) Collapse scar bog surrounded by forested permafrost plateaus. (b) Conceptual representation of edge‐to‐center gradients of soil temperature, coverage of Carex, methane emissions, and dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) concentrations in the bog for an average year (e.g., 2015; dark colored bands) and a year with spring rainfall (e.g., 2016; light colored bands). (c) Google Earth image of field site showing the permafrost forest that contributes water to the down‐gradient bog complex. Location of flux towers installed within the permafrost forest and bog complex are indicated. (d) Data collected from the site during 2014. Top panel, cumulative difference between precipitation (P) and evapotranspiration (ET) for the permafrost forest. Arrows mark rain events, with duration of events highlighted by the gray bars associated with each arrow. Graphic: Neumann, et al., 2019 / Geophysical Research Letters
Conceptual overview of rainwater melting permafrost. (a) Collapse scar bog surrounded by forested permafrost plateaus. (b) Conceptual representation of edge‐to‐center gradients of soil temperature, coverage of Carex, methane emissions, and dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) concentrations in the bog for an average year (e.g., 2015; dark colored bands) and a year with spring rainfall (e.g., 2016; light colored bands). (c) Google Earth image of field site showing the permafrost forest that contributes water to the down‐gradient bog complex. Location of flux towers installed within the permafrost forest and bog complex are indicated. (d) Data collected from the site during 2014. Top panel, cumulative difference between precipitation (P) and evapotranspiration (ET) for the permafrost forest. Arrows mark rain events, with duration of events highlighted by the gray bars associated with each arrow. Graphic: Neumann, et al., 2019 / Geophysical Research Letters

At the same time, the sedge plants are also fueled by the warmer soil. In 2016 the team found more of these plants at the warmer edges of the bog. Sedges, like most plants, take carbon dioxide from the air to make their food, which they send to their roots to help them grow. Sometimes the food leaks out of the roots into the soil where it can become food for the microbes. So more sedges directly fuel the microbes to make more methane.

In addition, sedges contain hollow, air-filled tubes that allow oxygen to flow from the air to their roots. These tubes also allow the microbes’ methane to escape the bog and enter the atmosphere.

“The plants are really doing two things,” Neumann said. “They’re providing yummy carbon that lets the microbes make more methane than they would have otherwise. The plants also provide a conduit that allows methane to escape into the atmosphere. They’re a double whammy for methane production and emission.”

As the Earth warms, these northern latitude regions are expected to experience more rainfall. If this rain falls in spring or early summer, these areas could release more methane into the atmosphere than is currently predicted. Neumann and her team plan to examine methane emissions from other bogs to see if this pattern holds true across northern latitudes.

“In general, the ability of rain to transport thermal energy into soils has been underappreciated,” Neumann said. “Our study shows that by affecting soil temperature and methane emissions, rain can increase the ability of thawing permafrost landscapes to warm the climate.”

Early spring rain boosts methane from thawing permafrost by 30 percent

ABSTRACT: Methane emissions regulate the near‐term global warming potential of permafrost thaw, particularly where loss of ice‐rich permafrost converts forest and tundra into wetlands. Northern latitudes are expected to get warmer and wetter, and while there is consensus that warming will increase thaw and methane emissions, effects of increased precipitation are uncertain. At a thawing wetland complex in Interior Alaska, we found that interactions between rain and deep soil temperatures controlled methane emissions. In rainy years, recharge from the watershed rapidly altered wetland soil temperatures, warming the top ~80 cm of soil in spring and summer and cooling it in autumn. When soils were warmed by spring rainfall, methane emissions increased by ~30%. The warm, deep soils early in the growing season likely supported both microbial and plant processes that enhanced emissions. Our study identifies an important and unconsidered role of rain in governing the radiative forcing of thawing permafrost landscapes.

SIGNIFICANCE: Because the world is getting warmer, permanently frozen ground around the arctic, known as permafrost, is thawing. When permafrost thaws, the ground collapses and sinks. Often a wetland forms within the collapsed area. Conversion of permanently frozen landscapes to wetlands changes the exchange of greenhouse gases between the land and atmosphere, which impacts global temperatures. Wetlands release methane into the atmosphere. Methane is a potent greenhouse gas. The ability of methane to warm the Earth is 32 times stronger than that of carbon dioxide over a period of 100 years. In our study, we found that methane release from a thaw wetland in Interior Alaska was greater in rainy years when rain fell in spring. When spring rainwater entered the wetland, it rapidly warmed wetland soils. Rain has roughly the same temperature as the air, and during springtime in northern regions, the air is warmer than the ground. The microbial and plant processes that generate methane increase with temperature. Therefore, wetland soils, warmed by spring rainfall, supported more methane production and release. Northern regions are expected to receive more rainfall in the future. By warming soils and increasing methane release, this rainfall could increase near‐term global warming associated with permafrost thaw.

Warming Effects of Spring Rainfall Increase Methane Emissions From Thawing Permafrost